Dual citizenship and second citizenship: what is the difference and how to apply

What is the difference between dual citizenship and second citizenship?

In everyday speech, people often use dual citizenship and second citizenship as if they mean the same thing. Legally, however, there is a difference.

Dual vs. second citizenship

Dual citizenship usually refers to a situation where two countries mutually recognise a person's status as a citizen of both states under a bilateral agreement. In such cases, the countries coordinate rights and obligations, such as taxation, military service, or pension entitlements.

Second citizenship describes a case where a person legally holds citizenship of two countries without any such bilateral agreement. Each state deals with that person only as its own citizen and does not formally recognise the legal relationship with the other country. As a result, obligations may arise in both states independently.

If a person holds three or more passports, there is no separate legal category such as triple or multiple citizenship. Each additional nationality is simply another citizenship added on top of the existing ones.

Citizenship vs. nationality

Citizenship and nationality overlap in many legal systems but are not always identical:

1. Nationality denotes membership of a nation-state, usually recorded in international law and on travel documents. 
2. Citizenship adds a specific bundle of domestic civil and political rights — the right to vote, hold public office, receive consular assistance, and access social services — which nationality alone may not confer.

The distinction matters when applying for Caribbean programmes. Caribbean states grant full citizenship, not merely nationality. An approved applicant receives the same legal status as a citizen by birth, including the right to hold a Caribbean passport and access Commonwealth benefits. 

Some countries, such as India, revoke citizenship when a person naturalises elsewhere. Others, including the US and Caribbean citizenship-by-investment countries, allow individuals to acquire another citizenship without renouncing their original one[1].

Dual citizenship vs. second citizenship: side-by-side comparison

Feature	Dual citizenship	Second citizenship
Legal basis	Bilateral treaty between two states	No treaty required
Mutual recognition	Both states recognise the same individual	Each state recognises only its own citizen
Tax obligations	Typically one country — country of residence	May apply in both countries independently
Military service	Usually one country, per treaty terms	Potentially both countries
Confidentiality	Limited — treaty-based disclosure common	Generally no mandatory disclosure obligation, varies by home country law
Social benefits	Shared under treaty framework	Separate in each country
Most common example	Spain–Latin America bilateral holders	Caribbean CBI passport holders

Relevance for Caribbean citizenship by investment

Caribbean citizenship by investment gives applicants a second citizenship. It does not rely on mutual recognition between the Caribbean country and the applicant's country of origin.

Foreigners keep their original citizenship if their home country allows it and gain a new, independent citizenship in the Caribbean state. At the same time, each country continues to apply its own rules to that person.

The framework applies to the main Caribbean citizenship by investment jurisdictions: Dominica, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Lucia.

Which countries allow second and dual citizenship?

The right to hold more than one nationality differs significantly by country. Broadly, three categories exist: countries that fully permit it, those that allow it in specific circumstances only, and those that prohibit it entirely.

All five Caribbean citizenship by investment nations allow second citizenship, meaning investors from the countries below do not lose their original citizenship by acquiring the Caribbean one. 

Even in countries that permit dual citizenship, the rules are not always straightforward. For example, Guatemala allows multiple nationality, but within the country dual nationals are treated solely as Guatemalan citizens and cannot invoke rights linked to another passport[2]. In Venezuela, dual citizens are allowed but must enter and leave the country using a Venezuelan passport[3].

Countries where second citizenship is allowed

Albania	Ghana	Peru
Algeria	Greece	Philippines
Angola	Grenada	Portugal
Antigua and Barbuda	Guatemala	Romania
Argentina	Honduras	Russia
Armenia	Hong Kong	Saint Kitts and Nevis
Australia	Hungary	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Bangladesh	Iceland	Saint Lucia
Barbados	Iraq	Samoa
Belgium	Ireland	Serbia
Belize	Israel	Seychelles
Bolivia	Jamaica	Solomon Islands
Brazil	Jordan	South Africa
Canada	Kenya	Sri Lanka
Cape Verde	Latvia	Sudan
Chile	Lebanon	Sweden
Colombia	Libya	Switzerland
Costa Rica	Luxembourg	Syria
Côte d'Ivoire	North Macedonia	Thailand
Cyprus	Malta	Trinidad and Tobago
Czech Republic	Mauritius	Tunisia
Denmark	Mexico	Turkey
Dominica	Micronesia	Tuvalu
Dominican Republic	Morocco	UK
East Timor	Nauru	Uruguay
Ecuador	New Zealand	USA
Egypt	Pakistan	Vanuatu
Fiji	Palau	Venezuela
Finland	Palestine	Zambia
France	Panama
Germany	Paraguay

Countries that allow second citizenship in exceptional cases

Some countries permit their nationals to hold second citizenship only under specific conditions, such as birth abroad, marriage to a foreign national, or economic migration.

Zimbabwe illustrates one such limitation. Its Constitution permits second citizenship for citizens by birth, but this right may not extend to those who acquired nationality by descent or registration[4]. A similar approach applies in Nigeria[5].

Economic migration provides another example. In the UAE, citizenship may be granted only in exceptional cases to specific categories of foreigners, including investors, doctors, specialists, scientists, inventors, and other recognised talents, as well as to individuals who have rendered outstanding services to the State[6].

Countries that allow second citizenship in exceptional cases

Afghanistan	Guyana	Norway
Austria	Liechtenstein	Papua New Guinea
Azerbaijan	Lithuania	Poland
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Marshall Islands	Slovenia
Bulgaria	Moldova	Spain
Croatia	Montenegro	Taiwan
El Salvador	Namibia	Tanzania
Eritrea	Netherlands	UAE
Estonia	Nicaragua	Ukraine
Georgia	Nigeria	Zimbabwe

Countries that do not allow second citizenship

A significant minority of states prohibit multiple nationality and automatically revoke citizenship if a national acquires another.

For example, China and India revoke citizenship when a national voluntarily acquires another nationality[7]. Saudi Arabia prohibits acquiring foreign citizenship without prior permission and may revoke Saudi citizenship in such cases. 

Nationals of these countries who wish to obtain Caribbean citizenship must first renounce their original nationality, or accept that their home government will cease to recognise them.

Countries that prohibit second citizenship

Andorra	Iran	North Korea
Bahamas	Japan	Oman
Bahrain	Kazakhstan	Qatar
Belarus	Kuwait	San Marino
Bhutan	Kyrgyzstan	Saudi Arabia
Botswana	Laos	Singapore
China	Macao	Slovakia
Congo	Malaysia	Swaziland
Cuba	Maldives	Tajikistan
Djibouti	Monaco	Tonga
Ethiopia	Mongolia	Turkmenistan
Haiti	Mozambique	Uzbekistan
India	Myanmar	Vietnam
Indonesia	Nepal	Yemen

How can you acquire second or dual citizenship?

There are five main routes to second or dual citizenship. Each has different timelines and eligibility criteria.

By ancestry or descent

Many countries grant citizenship to individuals who can demonstrate that a parent, grandparent, or in some cases a great-grandparent held that citizenship. For example:

1. Italy applies a broad ancestry entitlement[8]. 
2. Germany limits the entitlement to one generation unless special restitution rules apply[9]. 

The process involves tracing genealogical records and submitting documentary proof to the relevant consulate or ministry, which can take years.

By birth

Countries that apply jus soli — the principle of birthplace-based citizenship — grant citizenship automatically to persons born on their territory. The US is among the most prominent examples: any child born on US soil acquires US citizenship at birth, regardless of parental nationality[10]. 

Most European countries have moved away from unconditional jus soli, instead applying it only when at least one parent is a legal resident.

By marriage

Spouses of citizens can apply for citizenship in most countries, usually after a period of formal marriage combined with continuous lawful residence. The required period varies: for example, the US requires a spouse of its citizen to reside in the country and be married for 3 years before naturalisation[11]. 

Some states also require the foreign spouse to demonstrate language proficiency and integration before citizenship is granted.

By naturalisation

Standard naturalisation requires several years of continuous legal residence in the host country. The US requires 5 years of permanent residence, and most EU member states require between 5 and 10 years.

Applicants must pass a language test, a civic-knowledge examination, and demonstrate financial self-sufficiency.

By investment

Citizenship by investment is the fastest legal route to a second citizenship for high-net-worth individuals. Caribbean CBI programmes award full citizenship in exchange for a qualifying investment in the national economy, without requiring extended prior residence or language testing.

The five Caribbean programmes issue citizenship within at least 6 to 8 months on approval.

Which Caribbean countries offer second citizenship by investment?

Five Eastern Caribbean nations operate formal, government-regulated citizenship by investment programmes: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Lucia[12].

Each awards full citizenship and a lifetime naturalisation certificate. Passports are issued in a separate process after the naturalisation certificate is granted.

Caribbean CBI programmes comparison

Dominica	$200,000	6+ months	Spouse, children under 30, parents and grandparents over 65	3—5 years
Antigua and Barbuda	$230,000	6+ months	Spouse, children under 30, parents and grandparents over 55, siblings	5 years
Grenada	$235,000	8+ months	Spouse, children under 30, parents and grandparents, siblings over 18	5 years
St Lucia	$240,000	6+ months	Spouse, children under 30, parents over 55, siblings under 18	5—7 years
St Kitts and Nevis	$250,000	4+ months	Spouse, children under 25, parents over 55	5—7 years

What are the main benefits of the Caribbean second and dual citizenship?

Caribbean second citizenship offers a range of practical advantages that are especially relevant to wealthy individuals based in the US, the UK, and the EU.

1. Global mobility

Caribbean passports provide materially broader travel access than many applicants might expect from small-island states, allowing to enter over 140 countries visa-free, including:

• Schengen Area;
• Singapore;
• Hong Kong;
• South Korea;
• China — for Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Dominica passport holders;
• the UK — through eTA for Antigua and Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, and Grenada citizens.

Citizens of several Caribbean CBI countries may also apply for a 10-year US B-1/B-2 visa, which allows multiple stays of up to 6 months for tourism, business, or family visits. Grenada offers an additional advantage: its citizens are eligible for the US E-2 Investor Visa, which allows them to live in the US and run a business there without a job offer or proof of substantial personal wealth[13].

2. Political hedge and plan B

For many wealthy individuals, a second citizenship serves not as a relocation tool but as an additional layer of security. A Caribbean passport gives its holder the right to enter and live in the country of citizenship at any time, including during periods of political uncertainty or travel restrictions in the home country.

3. Education access and Commonwealth advantages

All five Caribbean CBI nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Commonwealth membership provides citizens with certain preferential access to educational institutions in the UK, including recognition of qualifications across member states.

Grenada is home to St George's University, a medical school with affiliated teaching hospitals and clinical programmes in the US and the UK. Its degree is recognised in a significant number of countries globally.

4. Family inclusion in citizenship programmes

Caribbean CBI programmes are structured to accommodate the investor's immediate family. Spouses, dependent children up to 25—30 years old, parents, and, in certain cases, grandparents and siblings may all be included in a single application. 

St Kitts and Nevis explicitly confirms that citizenship can be passed to future generations[14].

5. Access to international banking and asset protection

A second Caribbean citizenship can facilitate the opening of accounts with the EU and international banks that may apply stricter criteria to certain passport nationalities. For business owners and wealth managers seeking to diversify assets across jurisdictions, a second citizenship from a Commonwealth country provides a credible legal and administrative base.

6. Tax optimisation

Some Caribbean jurisdictions offer tax advantages that may support wealth preservation and succession planning. Depending on the country and a person’s tax residence, these may include no tax on income, capital gains, inheritance, interest, royalties, or dividends.

At the same time, citizenship alone does not remove tax obligations in other countries. The actual benefit depends on the person’s tax residence and the rules of their home state.

7. Real estate investment

Each Caribbean citizenship by investment programme offers two main routes: a fund contribution or a real estate investment. A fund contribution is a non-refundable payment to a state fund, offering no return and usually chosen for its simplicity.

Real estate is often more attractive to investors who want their capital to keep working. This route involves the purchase of approved property or a share in an approved development, with the possibility of recovering the investment after the holding period and earning rental income in the meantime.

The holding period depends on the jurisdiction:

• 3—5 years in Dominica;
• 5 years in Antigua and Barbuda and Grenada;
• 5—7 years in Saint Lucia and Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Although the entry threshold is higher than under the fund option, real estate appeals to investors who want not only citizenship but also the prospect of capital return and an income-generating asset.

Examples of real estate in the Caribbean countries

Eligibility criteria and requirements for Caribbean citizenship by investment

All five Caribbean CBI programmes apply a common set of minimum eligibility standards, and each programme also conducts comprehensive Due Diligence on every applicant.

Core eligibility requirements

The primary applicant must meet all of the following conditions:

• be at least 18 years of age;
• have no criminal record and not be the subject of a criminal investigation;
• have no prior visa denial by a country with which the Caribbean host state maintains visa-free travel, unless a visa to that country has since been obtained;
• hold a clean international reputation, with no involvement in activities likely to cause reputational damage to the host country;
• demonstrate a lawful and documented source of funds sufficient to meet the investment requirement.

Antigua and Barbuda's legislation further specifies that citizenship will not be granted where an applicant has provided false information, a family member has a serious contagious disease, or the applicant poses a national security risk[15].

Including family members

Caribbean CBI programmes allow the main applicant to include family members in one application. In all jurisdictions, this includes a spouse, minor children, and parents subject to certain conditions.

Older children may also qualify if they meet the programme’s dependency requirements. In some jurisdictions, grandparents and siblings can be included as well.

Family members requirements for Caribbean CBI programmes

Programme	Children	Parents and grandparents	Siblings
Dominica	Aged 18 to 30 — studying at the university and financially dependent on the investor Daughters under 25 — unmarried, living with the investor and fully dependent	Over 65, fully financially dependent	No
Antigua and Barbuda	Under 30 — financial dependency is not required No age limit if mentally or physically incapacitated and fully supported by the investor	Over 55, fully financially dependent No age limit if mentally or physically incapacitated and fully supported by the investor	Unmarried, with a parent or guardian’s consent if under 18
Grenada	Aged 18 to 30 — fully financially dependent	Fully financially dependent	Over 18, unmarried, with no children
St Lucia	Aged 21 to 30 — fully financially dependent	Over 55, fully financially dependent	Under 18, with a parent or guardian’s consent
St Kitts and Nevis	Aged 18 to 25 — in full-time attendance at a recognised secondary or tertiary-level institution of learning and financially dependent	Over 55, fully financially dependent on the investor	No

Due Diligence checks and the mandatory interview

All five programmes conduct a comprehensive multi-tier background investigation on every applicant. All family members over 16 undergo this check, except in Grenada, where it applies to applicants over 17, and in Antigua and Barbuda, where Due Diligence is required for applicants over 12.

The Due Diligence investigation covers criminal records, financial crime, sanctions lists, adverse media, source of wealth, and reputational indicators. Immigrant Invest — a licensed regional agent with an in-house Compliance Department — submit completed application packages to the relevant government citizenship unit.

Caribbean CBI programmes include a video interview as part of enhanced Due Diligence. The main applicant and family members attend individual interviews with government reviewers. If needed, an interpreter is provided, and the applicant attends without legal representatives.

What are the tax implications of holding a Caribbean second citizenship?

Tax obligations do not follow passport colour — they follow residency and domicile under each country's domestic law. Acquiring a Caribbean second citizenship does not, by itself, change an investor's tax residency or reduce their existing home-country tax liabilities.

Tax advantages offered by Caribbean citizenship

Tax benefits across the five Caribbean CBI countries vary by jurisdiction and depend on tax residence, not citizenship alone. Across the five programmes, the main advantages are concentrated around capital gains, inheritance, and personal income tax:

1. Antigua and Barbuda does not tax personal income, inheritance, and capital gains. Tax residents also don’t pay taxes on dividends, interest, or royalties.
2. Dominica has no taxes on wealth, gifts, capital gains, and inheritance. Non-tax residents pay taxes only on income generated in Dominica. 
3. Grenada has no taxes on foreign income, dividends, interest, royalties, inheritance, capital gains, or stamp duty.
4. St Kitts and Nevis has no taxes on global and local income, capital gains, and inheritance. Tax residents are exempt from taxes on dividends, interest, and royalties.
5. Saint Lucia does not tax foreign income, dividends, inheritance, and capital gains.

Tax obligations for US dual nationals

The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income regardless of where they live or what other citizenships they hold. This applies equally to dual nationals. Under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, FATCA, US persons — including dual citizens — must report foreign financial assets above applicable thresholds on Form 8938 filed with their US tax return[16]. 

US citizens who acquire Caribbean citizenship continue to file US tax returns on their global income. Obtaining Caribbean citizenship does not reduce FATCA reporting obligations. 

Renouncing US citizenship is the only route to terminating worldwide US taxation, and it carries its own exit tax implications under the Internal Revenue Code.

Territorial vs. worldwide taxation

Most Caribbean CBI countries apply a territorial tax system, taxing only income earned within their borders. As a result, foreign-source income is generally not taxed locally if a person establishes tax residency in the country, although the exact rules vary by jurisdiction.

For non-US investors from countries with residence-based or territorial tax systems, genuine Caribbean tax residency may therefore create planning opportunities for income earned outside the Caribbean.

What obligations come with second and dual citizenship?

Second citizenship carries legal, civic, and practical obligations that investors must understand before applying.

Notification and disclosure requirements in the home country

Some countries require their citizens to notify the relevant public authority when they acquire a second citizenship. Failure to do so may result in administrative fines or, in stricter jurisdictions, criminal liability. 

The obligation varies significantly: the US does not require disclosure of a foreign citizenship to US authorities, while some EU member states require registration with the competent ministry. 

Investors should obtain formal legal advice in their country of origin before finalising their Caribbean application to confirm the current notification rules and any applicable deadlines.

Military service duties

For persons holding citizenship in countries with mandatory military service, acquiring a second Caribbean citizenship does not remove the obligation imposed by the first country. Some states — including Israel, South Korea, and certain EU members — require their nationals to complete military service and may enforce that obligation on return to the country, regardless of other citizenships held. 

Caribbean citizenship by investment imposes no military service requirement: they maintain only a coast-guard-type force, and the programmes impose no military obligations on investors or their families.

Public service restrictions and civic duties

In most jurisdictions, citizenship from a second state introduces restrictions on holding certain government positions. Security-clearance roles, senior positions in the prosecution service, ministerial posts, and roles involving access to state secrets are typically closed to dual or second citizens. 

Additionally, some Caribbean countries provide that citizens may be called for jury duty or required to vote in national elections. These civic obligations apply to Caribbean citizens resident in the relevant territory.

Risks of obtaining Caribbean citizenship by investment

Understanding the risks associated with second citizenship by investment programmes is essential before committing to any application.

Rule and threshold changes

Caribbean CBI programme conditions can change with limited notice. Investment thresholds, eligible investment categories, government fees, and application requirements have all shifted across the region. 

For example, in 2024 the four OECS programmes signed a regional Memorandum of Agreement that introduced a unified minimum investment of $200,000. In 2025 and 2026, jurisdictions continued to adjust programme pricing and terms, including increases in some investment routes and government fees.

Applicants who delay preliminary steps — compliance checks, document preparation, and investment selection — face a higher risk of entering the process under one set of rules and submitting under another.

Extended processing timelines

The publicly stated Caribbean minimum of 6 to 8 months reflects the period once an application is formally submitted and processed. Document preparation, investment completion, and administrative scheduling can each add time.

Applicants with time-sensitive banking, travel, or relocation plans should treat the stated range as a minimum timeframe and allow extra time for earlier stages of the process.

Total cost overruns

The $200,000 regional minimum is the investment threshold, not the total cost of obtaining citizenship. Additional costs include:

• government Due Diligence fees;
• processing fees for dependants;
• authorised agent service fees;
• document translation and authentication;
• for real estate routes, transfer taxes and legal fees. 

Applicants who budget only for the minimum investment might face a significant shortfall before their naturalisation certificate is issued. Requesting an itemised cost estimate before committing allows for accurate financial planning.

Source-of-funds scrutiny

One of the most common grounds for complications at the Due Diligence stage is insufficient or unclear documentation of where investment funds originated. Cash flows that cannot be traced through bank records, undocumented business-sale proceeds, or funds passed through intermediary accounts without supporting documentation create verification problems that can delay or derail an application. 

Preparing source-of-funds documentation — bank statements, tax records, asset-sale contracts, company financial statements — before submitting an application is the standard professional approach.

EU visa-free access risk

The European Commission has flagged Caribbean CBI programmes as a potential ground for suspending Schengen visa-free travel[17]. The permanent removal of Vanuatu's Schengen access in 2024 is a concrete precedent[18]. Applicants should treat this as an open and documented policy risk when selecting a programme.

Incorrect residence and tax assumptions

A Caribbean naturalisation certificate and passport confer citizenship in the issuing Caribbean state. They do not confer the right to live and work freely across all EU member states, automatic EU citizenship, or tax residency in any jurisdiction. 

Tax residency is governed by each country's domestic rules. Applicants who conflate these categories may make downstream financial or relocation decisions on incorrect assumptions.

Unlicensed intermediary exposure

Agents operating without government licences in the relevant jurisdictions are not subject to the same compliance obligations as licensed authorised agents. Some present programme terms selectively — using outdated thresholds or understating Due Diligence requirements. 

Applicants who engage such intermediaries may proceed with incorrect information, face unexpected refusals, or have limited recourse if an application fails. Verifying an agent's licensing status in the relevant jurisdiction is a concrete, checkable step before engaging any service.

Immigration history scrutiny

Caribbean CBI applicants with prior visa refusals, complex nationality situations, or past immigration complications in other jurisdictions face a materially higher risk of complications at the Due Diligence stage. 

The consequences of proceeding without a realistic prior assessment include failed applications, forfeited fees, and in some programmes restrictions on reapplication. A structured preliminary compliance screening that evaluates background factors before any commitment is made is the established method for managing this risk.

How Immigrant Invest can help with Caribbean citizenship by investment

Immigrant Invest is a licensed authorised agent for all five Caribbean citizenship by investment programmes. 

We support investors throughout the entire process, providing the following assistance:

1. Preliminary Due Diligence. Before a programme is selected or documents are prepared, Immigrant Invest conducts a preliminary compliance check to identify possible risks.
2. Programme and investment route selection. Lawyers assess the investor’s nationality, family composition, goals, and preferences to recommend a suitable programme and investment option.
3. Document preparation and review. The team helps collect, prepare, and review the required documents before submission.
4. Source-of-funds assessment. Immigrant Invest analyses the applicant’s financial background and prepares the documents needed for Due Diligence.
5. Application submission. Lawyers submit the application to the relevant citizenship authority and guide the client through the official procedure.
6. Family eligibility assessment. The company checks whether family members can be included in the application under the rules of the chosen programme.
7. Due Diligence preparation. Applicants receive guidance on the government background check and interview requirements, where applicable.

A structured process helps investors address legal, procedural, and compliance issues before they affect the application outcome. Immigrant Invest assists clients until the investment is completed, the naturalisation certificate is issued, and the passport application is finalised.

Key takeaways about second and dual citizenship

1. Dual citizenship rests on a bilateral treaty between two states. Second citizenship requires no such treaty, so each country recognises only its own legal relationship with the individual.
2. Caribbean citizenship by investment programmes grant second citizenship. The five countries offering these programmes are Dominica, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Lucia.
3. The minimum investment starts at $200,000 in Dominica, and all five countries offer both fund and real estate options.
4. The processing time is at least 6 to 8 months, with no language test and no minimum prior residence requirement.
5. All five Caribbean CBI countries are low-tax jurisdictions, with no taxes on capital gains, inheritance, dividends, interest, or royalties.
6. A Caribbean passport does not by itself create tax liability. It arises usually by spending enough time in the country or otherwise establishing residence for tax purposes.
7. Caribbean CBI countries do not require applicants to renounce their existing citizenship. However, the rules of the applicant’s home country still apply.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources

1. Source: US State Department — Dual Nationality
2. Source: Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala — Ley de Nacionalidad: Decree No. 1613
3. Source: Law on Nationality and Citizenship of Venezuela — Ley de Nacionalidad y Ciudadanía: Gaceta Oficial No. 37.971. 01
4. Source: Constitution of Zimbabwe
5. Source: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria — Section 28(1)
6. Source: The Official Platform of the UAE Government — Emirati nationality
7. Source: The Citizenship Act of India and The Acquisition, Loss, and Restoration of Nationality of the People's Republic of China
8. Source: Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation — Citizenship
9. Source: German Nationality Act
10. Source: Constitution of the United States — Fourteenth Amendment
11. Source: US Citizenship and Immigration Services — Lawful Permanent Resident Admission for Naturalization
12. Source: Citizenship by Investment Programmes in Dominica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, and Grenada
13. Source: US Department of State — E-1/E-2 Treaty Countries
14. Source: Citizenship by Investment Unit of St Kitts and Nevis
15. Source: Citizenship by Investment Unit of Antigua and Barbuda
16. Source: IRS — Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
17. Source: European Commission — Visa Suspension Mechanism 
18. Source: European Council of the EU — Vanuatu: Council ends visa exemption